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Pathway: mRNA Editing: C to U Conversion
[288 molecules]
The best characterized case of C to U editing is in the intestinal apolipoprotein B transcript, where the editing event creates a premature translation stop codon and consequently leads to a shorter form of the protein.
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Summary: The best characterized case of C to U editing is in the intestinal apolipoprotein B transcript, where the editing event creates a premature translation stop codon and consequently leads to a shorter form of the protein. In the liver, C to U editing is important in the expression of specific isoforms of the apolipoprotein B enzyme. ApoB mRNA editing is a posttranscriptional, nuclear process that can be initiated after splicing, at the time of polyadenylation and is completed by the time pre-mRNA matures fully (reviewed by Blanc and Davidson, 2003).
Data Source(s): Reactome
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Pathway: Formation of editosomes by ADAR proteins
[12 molecules]
It is still unclear how ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 proteins form the editosomes with the target RNA.
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Summary: It is still unclear how ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 proteins form the editosomes with the target RNA. Other components of these editosomes for A to I editing are unknown.
Data Source(s): Reactome
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Pathway: mRNA Capping
[506 molecules]
The 5'-ends of all eukaryotic pre-mRNAs studied thus far are converted to cap structures.
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Summary: The 5'-ends of all eukaryotic pre-mRNAs studied thus far are converted to cap structures. The cap is thought to influence splicing of the first intron, and is bound by 'cap-binding' proteins, CBP80 and CBP20, in the nucleus. The cap is important for translation initiation, and it also interacts with the poly(A)terminus, via proteins, resulting in circularization of the mRNA to facilitate multiple rounds of translation. The cap is also important for mRNA stability, protecting it from 5' to 3' nucleases, and is required for mRNA export to the cytoplasm.
Data Source(s): Reactome
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Pathway: mRNA Splicing - Minor Pathway
[68 molecules]
Edited: Joshi-Tope, G, 0000-00-00 00:00:00.
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Pathway: Oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA by alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
[260 molecules]
This process, carried out by the mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, consists of five distinct reactions.
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Summary: This process, carried out by the mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, consists of five distinct reactions. First, alpha-ketoglutarate is oxidatively decarboxylated, catalyzed by the E1 component of the complex. Lipoamide associated with E1 is reduced at the same time. Next, the succinyl group derived from alpha-ketoglutarate is transferred to coenzyme A in two steps catalyzed by the E2 component of the complex (dihydrolipolyl transacetylase). Finally, the oxidized form of lipoamide is regenerated and electrons are transferred to NAD+ in two steps catalyzed by the E3 component of the complex (dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase).
Data Source(s): Reactome
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Pathway: Extension of Telomeres
[94 molecules]
Telomerase acts as reverse transcriptase in the elongation of telomeres.
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Pathway: Removal of the Flap Intermediate from the C-strand
[27 molecules]
Two endonucleases, Dna2 and flap endonuclease 1 (FEN-1), are responsible for resolving the nascent flap structure.
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Summary: Two endonucleases, Dna2 and flap endonuclease 1 (FEN-1), are responsible for resolving the nascent flap structure. The Dna2 endonuclease/helicase in yeast is a monomer of approximately 172 kDa. Human FEN-1 is a single polypeptide of approximately 42 kDa. Replication Protein A regulates the switching of endonucleases during the removal of the displaced flap.
Data Source(s): Reactome
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Pathway: Telomere C-strand (Lagging Strand) Synthesis
[79 molecules]
Reviewed: Price, C, 2006-07-13 18:33:38.
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Pathway: Metabolism of bile acids and bile salts
[127 molecules]
Authored: Jassal, B, 2007-01-19 10:34:59.
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Pathway: Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts
[102 molecules]
In a healthy adult human, about 500 mg of cholesterol is converted to bile salts daily (Russell 2003).
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Summary: In a healthy adult human, about 500 mg of cholesterol is converted to bile salts daily (Russell 2003). The major pathway for bile salt synthesis in the liver begins with the conversion of cholesterol to 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol. Bile salt synthesis can also begin with the synthesis of an oxysterol - 24-hydroxycholesterol or 27-hydroxycholesterol. In the body, the initial steps of these two pathways occur in extrahepatic tissues, generating intermediates that are transported to the liver and converted to bile salts via the 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol pathway. These extrahepatic pathways contribute little to the total synthesis of bile salts, but are thought to play important roles in cholesterol homeostasis (Javitt 2002).
Data Source(s): Reactome
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